His Name Does Not Appear: Missing Voices in Ocean Science and the Invisible Technician at Sea

Authors

  • Penelope K. Hardy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.1406

Keywords:

oceanography, research vessels, health sciences and technology, Royal Navy, Hanna Marie Resvoll-Holmsen, Frederick Gordon Pearcey, Joseph Matkin

Abstract

This article identifies voices missing from the scientific maritime on two floating laboratories early in the history of oceanography: HMS Challenger in the 1870s and the oceanographic yachts of Prince Albert I of Monaco from the 1880s to 1920s. Using ships’ logs, field journals, personal letters, and newspapers, it elucidates the vital contribution of enlisted sailors, lab technicians, photographers, and illustrators – including women and people of color – to the development of scientific understanding of the oceans. Restoring these actors to their proper place in the record also contributes to an ongoing conversation about the construction of scientific knowledge and authority.

Author Biography

Penelope K. Hardy

Penelope K. Hardy is an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse and a historian of science, technology, and medicine, focusing on technologies of science, ocean sciences, and scientific exploration of the global ocean. Her research focuses on the role of ocean-going research vessels in the development of modern scientific understanding of the oceans and the establishment of oceanography as a field. Hardy is also co-founder of an international working group examining the history of oceanic science, technology, and medicine. This article won the Clark G. Reynolds Student Paper Award in 2016.

References

Adler, Antony. “The Ship as Laboratory: Making Space for Field Science at Sea.” Journal of the History of Biology 47, no. 3 (August 2014): 333–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-013-9367-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-013-9367-7

Albert I. La carriere d’un navigateur. 2 ed. Monaco, 1905.

Albert I. “Sur la neuvième campagne de la Princesse Alice IIe.” Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 15 juin 1908. Reprinted in Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, f. 84 (1932).

Albert I. “Sur la troisième campagne scientifique de la Princesse Alice.” Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 14 décembre 1896. Reprinted in Résultats des campagnes scientifiques, f. 84.

Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Harvard University Press, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674028470

Bowden, A.J., F.J. Gregory, and A.S. Henderson, eds., Landmarks in Foraminiferal Micropalaeontology: History and Development. The Geological Society, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/TMS6

Brunton, Eileen V. The Challenger Expedition, 1872–1876: A Visual Index. 2nd ed. Natural History Museum, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.87402

Buchanan, John Young. “A Retrospective of Oceanography in the Twenty Years before 1895. Address to the Oceanographical Section of the Sixth International Geographical Congress, held in London, 1895. [From the Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress, held in London, 1895].” In Accounts Rendered of Work Done and Things Seen. Cambridge University Press, 1919.

Campbell, George. Log-Letters from “The Challenger.” New ed. London, 1876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.96927

Carpine-Lancre, Jacqueline. La campagne de la Princesse-Alice en 1896. Musée Océanographique, Monaca, 1996.

Crane, Walter. Challenger Expedition Reports: Portraits of the Contributors. London, 1897.

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989: 139–68. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8.

Elsner, Robert. “Preliminary Report on Dugong Studies, August-September, 1966.” In Alpha Helix Australian (Billabong) Expedition, R/V ALPHA HELIX Australian (Billabong) Expedition, April-October 1966: A Cooperative Scientific Program with Participants from Universities and Institutions of the United States of America and Australia. S.n., 19–.

Fuglei, Eva, and Helle V. Goldman. “Hanna Marie Resvoll-Holmsen: A Pioneer in Svalbard.” Polar Research 25, no. 1 (2006): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v25i1.6234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v25i1.6234

Hoheisel-Huxmann, Reinhard. Die Deutsche Atlantische Expedition 1925-1927: Planung und Verlauf. Convent Verlag, 2007.

Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus Rediker. The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Beacon Press, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/084387140101300212

Matkin, Joseph. At Sea with the Scientifics: The Challenger Letters of Joseph Matkin, ed. Philip F. Rehbock. University of Hawaii Press, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824841096

Matkin, Joseph. Letters, 1872–76. Natural History Museum Library and Archives, London.

Matkin, Joseph. Papers, 1868–1984 (predominantly 1871–76). Archives, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego.

“Messkarten und Fotos von der Arbeit des Vermessungsschiffes ‘Meteor.’” N167-2, Auftrag Nr. 729. Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.

Muka, Samantha. “Imagining the Ocean: Marine Artists and Our Visions of the Marine World.” In Soundings and Crossings: Doing Science at Sea 1800–1971, edited by Katharine Anderson and Helen Rozwadowski. Science History Publications, 2016.

Murray, John. H.M.S. Challenger: Diary of Sir J. Murray, 1873–76. Murray Col. Sect. 1. Natural History Museum Library and Archives, London.

Murray, John, ed. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–1876 Under the Command of Captain George S. Nares and the Late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N. 50 vols. Edinburgh, 1880–95.

Murray, John. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–76 Under the Command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S., and the Late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N.: A Summary of the Scientific Results. Part 1. London, 1895.

Murray, John, and Laurence Pullar. “Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, Part XIII, Lochs of the Ness Basin, First Part.” The Geographical Journal 30, no. 1 (July 1907): 62-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1776405

Norling, Lisa. Captain Ahab Had a Wife: New England Women and the Whalefishery, 1720–1870. University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

“Obituary [: Frederick Gordon Pearcey].” Nature 119, no. 2989 (12 February 1927): 245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/119245d0

Pearcey, Frederick G. “A method of utilizing small wall-areas in museums for spirit preparations,” Museums Journal, October 1907.

Pearcey, Frederick G. “Method of consolidating and preparing thin sections of friable and decomposed rocks, sands, clays, oozes, and other granulated substances.” Edinb. Phys. Soc. Proc. 8 (1885): 295–300; Brux., Soc. Belge Micr. Ann. 9 (1885): 221–27.

Pearcey, Frederick G. “On preparing artificial ground-work for mounting individual specimens, economic sets, etc., in spirit,” Museums Journal, October 1907.

Resvoll-Holmsen, Hanna. “Exploration du nord-ouest du Spitsberg entreprise sous les auspices de S.A.S. le prince de Monaco par la Mission Isachsen, partie 5.” Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, f. 44 (1932).

Shapin, Steven. “The Invisible Technician.” American Scientist 77, no. 6 (1989): 554–63.

Stein, Glenn M. “The Challenger medal roll (1895).” Updated 2 December 2015. https://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/Chall-Medal/ChallengerMedal.html.

Thomson, C. Wyville, William Benjamin Carpenter, and John Gwyn Jeffreys. The Depths of the Sea: An Account of the General Results of the Dredging Cruises of H.M.SS. ‘Porcupine’ and ‘Lightning’ during the Summers of 1868, 1869, and 1870, Under the Scientific Direction of Dr. Carpenter, F.R.S., J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., and Dr. Wyville Thomson, F.R.S. London, 1873. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16330

Tizard, T.H., H.N. Moseley, J.Y. Buchanan, and John Murray. Narrative of the Cruise of HMS Challenger with a General Account of the Scientific Results of the Expedition. Part 1 of Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S., and Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N. London, 1885.

Vickers, Daniel. Young Men and the Sea: Yankee Seafarers in the Age of Sail. Yale University Press, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/084387140501700219

Wild, John James. Thalassa: An Essay on the Depth, Temperature, and Currents of the Ocean. London, 1877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12972

Science and ship crew of HMS Challenger in 1974

Downloads

Published

2026-07-08

How to Cite

Hardy, P. K. (2026). His Name Does Not Appear: Missing Voices in Ocean Science and the Invisible Technician at Sea. The Northern Mariner Le Marin Du Nord, 35(3-4), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.1406